1, inani le-Hydroxyl: 1 gram polymer polymer iqukethe inani le-hydroxyl (-OH) elilingana nenani lamamiligremu e-KOH, iyunithi ye-mgKOH/g.
2, Okulinganayo: isisindo samangqamuzana esimaphakathi seqembu elisebenzayo.
3, okuqukethwe kwe-Isocyanate: okuqukethwe kwe-isocyanate ku-molecule
4, Inkomba ye-Isocyanate: ikhombisa izinga lokudlulela kwe-isocyanate kufomula ye-polyurethane, evame ukumelelwa uhlamvu R.
5. I-Chain extender: Ibhekisela kutshwala obunesisindo esiphansi samangqamuzana nama-amine anganweba, andise noma akhe izixhumanisi zenethiwekhi yendawo yamaketanga wamangqamuzana.
6. Ingxenye eqinile: Ingxenye yeketango eyakhiwe ukusabela kwe-isocyanate, i-chain extender ne-crosslinker ochungechungeni oluyinhloko lwama-molecule e-polyurethane, futhi la maqembu anamandla amakhulu okuhlangana, umthamo wesikhala esikhulu kanye nokuqina okukhulu.
I-7, ingxenye ethambile: i-carbon carbon main chain polymer polymer, ukuguquguquka kuhle, kuyiketango eliyinhloko le-polyurethane lengxenye yeketanga eliguquguqukayo.
I-8, Indlela yesinyathelo esisodwa: ibhekisela ku-oligomer polyol, i-disocyanate, i-chain extender kanye ne-catalyst exutshwe ngesikhathi esifanayo ngemva kokujova okuqondile esikhunjini, ngendlela ethile yokushisa yokwelapha yokubumba.
9, Indlela ye-Prepolymer: Okokuqala i-oligomer polyol kanye ne-disocyanate prepolymerization reaction, ukukhiqiza ukuphela kwe-NCO esekelwe ku-polyurethane prepolymer, ukuthululwa bese kuba ukusabela kwe-prepolymer nge-chain extender, ukulungiswa kwendlela ye-polyurethane elastomer, ebizwa ngokuthi indlela ye-prepolymer.
I-10, Indlela ye-semi-prepolymer: umehluko phakathi kwendlela ye-semi-prepolymer kanye nendlela ye-prepolymer ukuthi ingxenye ye-polyester polyol noma i-polyether polyol yengezwa ku-prepolymer ngendlela yengxube ene-chain extender, i-catalyst, njll.
11, ukubumba komjovo wokuphendula: Okwaziwa nangokuthi i-Reaction Injection Molding RIM(Reaction Injection Moulding), ikalwa ngama-oligomers anesisindo esiphansi samangqamuzana oketshezi, axutshwe ngaso leso sikhathi futhi ajovwe esibunjeni ngesikhathi esifanayo, kanye nokusabela okusheshayo isikhunta, isisindo samangqamuzana sezinto sanda ngokushesha. Inqubo yokukhiqiza ama-polymer amasha ngokuphelele anezakhiwo zeqembu lezici ezintsha ngesivinini esiphezulu kakhulu.
12, Inkomba egwebulile: okungukuthi, inani lezingxenye zamanzi ezisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni eziyi-100 ze-polyether lichazwa njenge-foaming index (IF).
13, Ukusabela okugwebulile: ngokuvamile kubhekisela ekuphenduleni kwamanzi ne-isocyanate ukukhiqiza urea esikhundleni futhi kukhishwe i-CO2.
14, Ukusabela kwe-gel: ngokuvamile kubhekisela ekwakhiweni kokusabela kwe-carbamate.
I-15, Isikhathi se-Gel: ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, izinto eziwuketshezi ukwenza ijeli zidinga isikhathi.
16, Isikhathi seMilky: ekupheleni kwendawo I, kuvela isenzakalo sobisi engxenyeni ye-liquid polyurethane. Lesi sikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi isikhathi sokhilimu esizukulwaneni se-polyurethane foam.
I-17, i-Chain expansion coefficient: ibhekisela esilinganisweni senani lamaqembu e-amino ne-hydroxyl (iyunithi: i-mo1) ezingxenyeni ze-chain extender (kuhlanganise ne-mixed chain extender) enanini le-NCO ku-prepolymer, okungukuthi, inombolo ye-molecule. (inombolo elinganayo) isilinganiso seqembu le-hydrogen elisebenzayo ku-NCO.
I-18, I-polyether engashisi kahle ephansi: ikakhulukazi ezokuthuthukiswa kwe-PTMG, intengo ye-PPG, ukungagcwaliswa kwendawo kwehliselwe ku-0.05mol/kg, eduze nokusebenza kwe-PTMG, kusetshenziswa i-DMC catalyst, izinhlobonhlobo eziyinhloko zemikhiqizo yochungechunge lwe-Bayer Acclaim.
I-19, i-solvent yezinga le-ammonia ester: ukukhiqizwa kwe-solvent ye-polyurethane ukuze kucatshangelwe amandla okuhlakazeka, izinga le-volatilization, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-polyurethane esetshenziswa ku-solvent, kufanele kugxile ekucabangeleni i-NC0 esindayo ku-polyurethane. Izincibilikisi ezifana notshwala ne-ether alcohols ezisabela namaqembu e-NCO azikwazi ukukhethwa. I-solvent ayikwazi ukuqukatha ukungcola okufana namanzi notshwala, futhi ayikwazi ukuqukatha izinto ze-alkali, okuzokwenza ukuthi i-polyurethane yonakale.
I-solvent ester ayivunyelwe ukuqukatha amanzi, futhi akufanele ibe nama-acids mahhala nama-alcohol, azosabela ngamaqembu e-NCO. I-solvent ye-ester esetshenziswa ku-polyurethane kufanele ibe "i-ammonia ester grade solvent" ngokuhlanzeka okuphezulu. Okusho ukuthi, i-solvent isabela nge-isocyanate eyeqile, bese inani le-isocyanate elingaphenduliwe linqunywa nge-dibutylamine ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi ikulungele yini ukusetshenziswa. Isimiso siwukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-isocyanate akusebenzi, ngoba kubonisa ukuthi amanzi e-ester, utshwala, i-asidi yesithathu izodla inani eliphelele le-isocyanate, uma inani lamagremu e-solvent edingekayo ukuze kudle iqembu le-leqNCO livezwa, ukubaluleka ukuzinza okuhle.
I-Isocyanate elingana ngaphansi kuka-2500 ayisetshenziswa njengesixazululi se-polyurethane.
I-polarity ye-solvent inethonya elikhulu ekuphenduleni kokwakheka kwe-resin. Uma i-polarity inkulu, ukusabela kuhamba kancane, okufana nomehluko we-toluene ne-methyl ethyl ketone izikhathi ezingu-24, le molecule ye-solvent polarity inkulu, ingakha isibopho se-hydrogen neqembu le-alcohol hydroxyl futhi yenze ukusabela kuhambe kancane.
I-Polychlorinated ester solvent ingcono ukukhetha i-solvent enamakha, isivinini sabo sokusabela sishesha kune-ester, i-ketone, njenge-xylene. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ester kanye ne-ketone solvents kungandisa impilo yesevisi ye-polyurethane enamagatsha amabili ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa. Ekukhiqizeni ama-coatings, ukukhethwa kwe-solvent "ammonia-grade solvent" okukhulunywe ngayo ngaphambili kunenzuzo kuma-stabilizers agcinwe.
Izinyibilikisi ze-Ester zinokuncibilika okuqinile, izinga lokuguquguquka elimaphakathi, ubuthi obuphansi futhi zisetshenziswa kakhulu, i-cyclohexanone nayo isetshenziswa kakhulu, izinyibilikisi ze-hydrocarbon zinekhono eliphansi lokuncibilika okuqinile, ukusetshenziswa kancane kodwa, nokusetshenziswa okwengeziwe nezinye izincibilikisi.
I-20, I-ejenti evuthelayo ngokomzimba: i-ejenti evuthelayo ngokomzimba izimbotshana zegwebu akhiwa ngokushintshwa kwefomu elibonakalayo lento, okungukuthi, ngokunwetshwa kwegesi ecindezelwe, ukuvuvukala koketshezi noma ukuncibilika kokuqinile.
21, Ama-Chemical blowing agents: ama-chemical blowing agents yilawo angakhulula amagesi afana ne-carbon dioxide ne-nitrogen ngemva kokubola kokushisisa, futhi akhe izimbotshana ezinhle ekubunjweni kwe-polymer yenhlanganisela.
22, Ukuphambana okungokwenyama: kunamaketango aqinile eketango elithambile le-polymer, futhi iketango eliqinile linezakhiwo ezibonakalayo ezifana nenjoloba evuvukele ngemva kokuphambana kwamakhemikhali ezingeni lokushisa elingaphansi kwendawo yokuthambisa noma indawo yokuncibilika.
I-23, i-Chemical crosslinking: ibhekisela enqubweni yokuxhumanisa amaketanga amakhulu ama-molecular ngokusebenzisa izibopho zamakhemikhali ngaphansi kwesenzo sokukhanya, ukushisa, imisebe enamandla amakhulu, amandla emishini, i-ultrasound kanye nama-crosslinking agents ukwenza i-polymer yesakhiwo senethiwekhi noma somumo.
24, Inkomba egwebulile: inani lezingxenye zamanzi elilingana nezingxenye eziyi-100 ze-polyether lichazwa njengenkomba egwebulile (IF).
25. Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-isocyanate ezivame ukusetshenziswa ngokwesakhiwo?
A: Aliphatic: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI,HTDI,HMDI, Aromatic: TDI,MDI,PAPI,PPDI,NDI.
26. Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-isocyanate ezivame ukusetshenziswa? Bhala ifomula yesakhiwo
A: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4 '-disocyanate (MDI), polyphenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), liquefied MDI, hexamethylene-disocyanate (HDI).
27. Incazelo ye-TDI-100 ne-TDI-80?
A: I-TDI-100 yenziwe nge-toluene diisocyanate enesakhiwo esingu-2,4; I-TDI-80 isho ingxube ehlanganisa u-80% we-toluene diisocyanate wesakhiwo esingu-2,4 kanye no-20% wesakhiwo esingu-2,6.
28. Yiziphi izici ze-TDI ne-MDI ekuhlanganiseni kwezinto ze-polyurethane?
A: Ukuphinda kusebenze kwe-2,4-TDI kanye ne-2,6-TDI. I-reactivity ye-2,4-TDI iphakeme izikhathi eziningana kunaleyo ye-2,6-TDI, ngoba i-NCO ye-4-position ku-2,4-TDI ikude ne-2-position NCO neqembu le-methyl, futhi kukhona cishe akukho ukumelana ne-steric, kuyilapho i-NCO ye-2,6-TDI ithintwa umphumela we-steric weqembu le-ortho-methyl.
Amaqembu amabili e-NCO e-MDI aqhelelene kakhulu futhi abekho ababambele eduze, ngakho-ke umsebenzi we-NCO emibili mkhulu kakhulu. Ngisho noma i-NCO eyodwa ibamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni, umsebenzi we-NCO esele uyehliswa, futhi umsebenzi usemkhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ngokujwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kabusha kwe-MDI polyurethane prepolymer kukhulu kunaleyo ye-TDI prepolymer.
29.HDI, IPDI, MDI, TDI, NDI yikuphi ukumelana nokuphuzi okungcono?
A: I-HDI(yeye-yellow aliphatic diisocyanate engaguquki), i-IPDI(eyenziwe nge-polyurethane resin enokuqina okuhle kokubona kanye nokumelana namakhemikhali, ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa ukwakha inhlaka ye-polyurethane engashintshile yezinga eliphezulu).
30. Inhloso yokuguqulwa kwe-MDI nezindlela zokuguqula ezivamile
A: I-Liquefied MDI: Inhloso eguquliwe: i-Liquefied pure MDI iyi-Liquefied modified MDI, enqoba ezinye iziphambeko ze-MDI ehlanzekile (iqinile kuzinga lokushisa elilingana negumbi, ukuncibilika lapho kusetshenziswa, ukushisisa okuningi kuthinta ukusebenza), futhi ihlinzeka ngesisekelo sohlu olubanzi. yezinguquko zokwenza ngcono kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwezinto ezisekelwe ku-MDI ze-polyurethane.
Izindlela:
① i-urethane modified liquefied MDI.
② i-carbodiimide ne-uretonimine eguquliwe i-MDI ewuketshezi.
31. Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-polymer polyols ezivame ukusetshenziswa?
A: I-polyester polyol, i-polyether polyol
32. Zingaki izindlela zokukhiqiza zezimboni ezikhona zama polyester polyols?
A: Indlela yokuncibilikisa i-vacuum B, indlela yokuncibilikisa igesi yenkampani yenethiwekhi C, indlela ye-azeotropic distillation
33. Yiziphi izakhiwo ezikhethekile kumgogodla wamangqamuzana we-polyester ne-polyether polyols?
A: I-polyester polyol: I-macromolecular alcohol compound equkethe iqembu le-ester kumgogodla wamangqamuzana kanye neqembu le-hydroxyl (-OH) eqenjini lokugcina. Ama-polyether polyols: Ama-Polymers noma ama-oligomers aqukethe amabhondi e-ether (-O-) namabhande okuphela (-Oh) noma amaqembu e-amine (-NH2) esakhiweni somgogodla we-molecule.
34. Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-polyether polyol ngokusho nezici zazo?
A: Ama-polyether polyols asebenza kakhulu, ama-polyether axhunyelelwe, ama-polyether polyether abushelelezi ilangabi, ama-heterocyclic modified polyether polyols, polytetrahydrofuran polyols.
35. Zingaki izinhlobo zamapholiyetha ezejwayelekile ezikhona ngokwe-ejenti yokuqala?
A: I-Polyoxide propylene glycol, i-polyoxide propylene triol, i-bubble eqinile i-polyether polyol, i-polyether polyether ephansi ye-unsaturation.
36. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-hydroxy-terinated polyethers nama-amine-terinated polyethers?
Ama-aminoterminated polyethers yi-polyoxide allyl ethers lapho isiphetho se-hydroxyl sithathelwa indawo yiqembu le-amine.
37. Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-polyurethane catalyst ezivame ukusetshenziswa? Yiziphi izinhlobo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezifakiwe?
A: Ama-catalyst e-tertiary amine, izinhlobo ezivame ukusetshenziswa yilezi: triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-methylmorpholine,N, n-dimethylcyclohexamine
I-Metallic alkyl compounds, izinhlobo ezivame ukusetshenziswa yilezi: ama-catalysts e-organotin, angahlukaniswa abe yi-stannous octoate, i-stannous oleate, i-dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. Yiziphi izintambo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ze-polyurethane chain extensions noma iziphambano?
A: I-Polyols (1, 4-butanediol), i-alicyclic alcohols, utshwala obunuka kamnandi, ama-diamines, ama-alcohol amines (i-ethanolamine, i-diethanolamine)
39. Indlela yokusabela ye-isocyanate
A: Ukusabela kwama-isocyanate anezinhlanganisela ze-hydrogen ezisebenzayo kubangelwa isikhungo se-nucleophilic se-molecule ye-hydrogen compound esebenzayo ehlasela i-NCO esekelwe ku-athomu ye-carbon. Indlela yokusabela imi kanje:
40. Isakhiwo se-isocyanate sikuthinta kanjani ukusebenza kabusha kwamaqembu e-NCO?
A: I-electronegativity yeqembu le-AR: uma iqembu le-R liyiqembu elimunca i-electron, ukuminyana kwefu le-electron ye-athomu C eqenjini -NCO liphansi, futhi lisengozini yokuhlaselwa kwama-nucleophiles, okungukuthi, kulula ukwenza ukusabela kwe-nucleophilic nge-alcohols, ama-amine nezinye izinhlanganisela. Uma i-R iyiqembu labanikezeli be-electron futhi idluliswa ngefu le-electron, ukuminyana kwefu le-electron ye-athomu ye-C eqenjini -NCO kuzokwanda, okulenze libe sengozini yokuhlaselwa kwama-nucleophiles, kanye nekhono layo lokuphendula ngama-hydrogen compounds asebenzayo nciphisa. B. Umphumela wokungeniswa: Ngenxa yokuthi i-disocyanate enephunga elimnandi iqukethe amaqembu amabili e-NCO, lapho isakhi sofuzo sokuqala se-NCO sibamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni, ngenxa yomphumela ohlangene wendandatho enuka kamnandi, iqembu -NCO elingahlanganyeli ekuphenduleni lizodlala indima. yeqembu lokumunca ama-electron, ukuze umsebenzi wokusabela weqembu lokuqala le-NCO uthuthukiswe, okuwumphumela wokungeniswa. C. umphumela westeric: Kuma-molecule e-disocyanate anephunga elimnandi, uma amaqembu amabili e-NCO eendandatho enephunga elimnandi ngesikhathi esifanayo, khona-ke umthelela weqembu elilodwa le-NCO ekusebenzeni kabusha kwelinye iqembu le-NCO ngokuvamile ubaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lapho amaqembu amabili e-NCO etholakala emasongweni ahlukene anephunga elimnandi ku-molecule efanayo, noma ehlukaniswa ngamaketanga e-hydrocarbon noma amasongo anephunga elimnandi, ukuxhumana phakathi kwawo kuncane, futhi kuncipha ngokukhula kobude beketango le-hydrocarbon noma ukwanda kwenani lamasongo anephunga elimnandi.
41. Izinhlobo zama-hydrogen compounds asebenzayo kanye ne-NCO reactivity
A: Aliphatic NH2> Iqembu elinuka kamnandi i-Bozui OH> Amanzi > Isibili OH> Phenol OH> Iqembu le-Carboxyl > I-urea eshintshiwe > Amido> Carbamate. (Uma ukuminyana kwamafu e-electron esikhungo se-nucleophilic kungaphezulu, amandla e-electronegativity anamandla, futhi umsebenzi wokusabela nge-isocyanate uphakeme futhi isivinini sokusabela siyashesha; Ngaphandle kwalokho, umsebenzi uphansi.)
42. Ithonya lamakhompiyutha e-hydroxyl ekusebenzeni kwawo kabusha ngama-isocyanate
A: Ukuphinda kusebenze kwama-athomu e-hydrogen asebenzayo (ROH noma i-RNH2) kuhlobene nezakhiwo zika-R, lapho i-R iyiqembu elikhipha i-electron (i-electronegativity ephansi), kuba nzima ukudlulisa ama-athomu e-hydrogen, kanye nokusabela phakathi kwezinhlanganisela ze-hydrogen ezisebenzayo kanye I-NCO inzima kakhulu; Uma i-R iyindawo enikela nge-electron, ukuphinda kusebenze kwezinhlanganisela ze-hydrogen ezisebenzayo ne-NCO kungathuthukiswa.
43. Kuyini ukusetshenziswa kwe-isocyanate yokusabela ngamanzi
A: Kungenye yezindlela eziyisisekelo zokulungiswa kwegwebu le-polyurethane. Ukusabela phakathi kwabo kuqala kukhiqiza i-carbamic acid engazinzile, ebese ihlukana ibe yi-CO2 nama-amine, futhi uma i-isocyanate ingaphezu kwamandla, i-amine ewumphumela isabela ne-isocyanate ukuze yakhe i-urea.
44. Lapho kulungiswa ama-polyurethane elastomers, okuqukethwe kwamanzi kwe-polymer polyols kufanele kulawulwe ngokuqinile.
IMPENDULO: Awekho amabhamuza adingekayo kuma-elastomers, ama-coatings kanye nemicu, ngakho-ke okuqukethwe kwamanzi ezintweni ezingavuthiwe kufanele kulawulwe ngokuqinile, ngokuvamile kube ngaphansi kuka-0.05%.
45. Umehluko emiphumeleni ekhuthazayo ye-amine ne-tin catalysts ekuphenduleni kwe-isocyanate
A: Ama-catalyst e-amine esezingeni eliphezulu asebenza kahle kakhulu ekuphenduleni kwe-isocyanate ngamanzi, kuyilapho ama-tin catalysts esebenza kahle kakhulu ekuphenduleni kwe-isocyanate neqembu le-hydroxyl.
46. Kungani i-polyurethane resin ingabhekwa njenge-polymer block, futhi yiziphi izici zesakhiwo seketanga?
Impendulo: Ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye yochungechunge lwe-polyurethane resin yakhiwe izingxenye eziqinile nezithambile, ingxenye eqinile ibhekisela engxenyeni yeketango eyakhiwe ukusabela kwe-isocyanate, i-chain extender kanye ne-crosslinker ochungechungeni oluyinhloko lwama-molecule e-polyurethane, futhi la maqembu anobumbano olukhudlwana. amandla, umthamo wesikhala esikhulu kanye nokuqina okukhulu. Ingxenye ethambile ibhekisela ku-carbon-carbon main chain polymer polymer, enokuguquguquka okuhle futhi ingxenye eguquguqukayo kuchungechunge oluyinhloko lwe-polyurethane.
47. Yiziphi izici ezithinta izakhiwo zezinto ze-polyurethane?
A: Amandla okubumbana kweqembu, ibhondi ye-hydrogen, icrystallinity, idigri yokuxhumanisa, isisindo samangqamuzana, ingxenye eqinile, ingxenye ethambile.
48. Yiziphi izinto zokusetshenziswa okuyizingxenye ezithambile neziqinile ochungechungeni oluyinhloko lwezinto zokwakha ze-polyurethane
A: Ingxenye ethambile yakhiwe ngama-oligomer polyols (i-polyester, i-polyether diols, njll.), futhi ingxenye eqinile yakhiwe ngama-polyisocyanates noma inhlanganisela yawo nama-molecule amancane ama-chain extender.
49. Izingxenye ezithambile kanye nezingxenye eziqinile zithinta kanjani izakhiwo zezinto ze-polyurethane?
A: Ingxenye ethambile: (1) Isisindo sengqamuzana sengxenye ethambile: kucatshangwa ukuthi isisindo samangqamuzana e-polyurethane siyefana, uma ingxenye ethambile iyi-polyester, amandla e-polyurethane azokhula ngokukhula kwesisindo se-molecule i-polyester diol; Uma ingxenye ethambile iyi-polyether, amandla e-polyurethane ayancipha ngokunyuka kwesisindo samangqamuzana e-polyether diol, kodwa ukuphakama kuyanda. (2) Ubucwebe bengxenye ethambile: Inegalelo elikhulu ekucwebezeleni kwengxenye yeketanga le-polyurethane ewumugqa. Ngokuvamile, i-crystallization inenzuzo ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi i-crystallization inciphisa ukuguquguquka okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa kwezinto, futhi i-polymer ye-crystalline ivame ukungaboni kahle.
Ingxenye eqinile: Ingxenye yeketango eliqinile ngokuvamile ithinta izinga lokushisa elithambile futhi elincibilikayo kanye nezakhiwo zokushisa eziphezulu ze-polymer. Ama-polyurethanes alungiselelwe ama-isocyanate anephunga elimnandi aqukethe izindandatho ezinephunga elimnandi, ngakho amandla e-polymer engxenyeni eqinile ayakhula, futhi amandla ezinto ezibonakalayo ngokuvamile makhulu kunalawo ama-aliphatic isocyanate polyurethanes, kodwa ukumelana nokuwohloka kwe-ultraviolet akulula, futhi kulula ukuphuzi. I-aliphatic polyurethanes ayiphuzi.
50. Ukuhlukaniswa kwegwebu le-polyurethane
A: (1) igwebu eliqinile negwebu elithambile, (2) ukuminyana okuphezulu kanye negwebu eliphansi kakhulu, (3) uhlobo lwe-polyester, igwebu lohlobo lwe-polyether, (4) uhlobo lwe-TDI, uhlobo lwegwebu le-MDI, (5) igwebu le-polyurethane negwebu le-polyisocyanurate, (6) indlela yesinyathelo esisodwa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwendlela ye-prepolymerization, indlela eqhubekayo nokukhiqiza ngezikhathi ezithile, (8) i-block foam kanye negwebu elibunjiwe.
51. Ukusabela okuyisisekelo ekulungiseleleni igwebu
A: Ibhekisela ekuphenduleni kwe-NCO nge -OH, -NH2 kanye ne-H2O, futhi lapho isabela ngama-polyols, "ukusabela kwejeli" enqubweni yokugwedla ngokuvamile kubhekisela ekuphenduleni kokwakheka kwe-carbamate. Ngenxa yokuthi izinto zokusetshenziswa kwegwebu zisebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa eziningi, kutholakala inethiwekhi exhumene, evumela uhlelo olunamagwebu ukuthi lugcwale ngokushesha.
Ukusabela okukhihliza amagwebu kwenzeka ohlelweni lwegwebu lapho kukhona amanzi. Okubizwa ngokuthi "ukusabela okugwebulile" ngokuvamile kubhekisela ekuphenduleni kwamanzi ne-isocyanate ukukhiqiza urea esikhundleni futhi kukhishwe i-CO2.
52. Indlela ye-nucleation yamabhamuza
Impahla eluhlaza isabela oketshezini noma kuya ngezinga lokushisa elikhiqizwa ukusabela ukuze kukhiqizwe into eyigesi futhi kushise igesi. Ngokuqhubeka kokusabela kanye nokukhiqizwa kwenani elikhulu lokushisa okusabelayo, inani lezinto zegesi kanye nokuguquguquka kwenyuka ngokuqhubekayo. Lapho ukugcwala kwegesi kukhuphuka ngaphezu kokugcwala kokugcwala, ibhamuza eliqhubekayo liqala ukwakheka esigabeni sesixazululo bese liyakhuphuka.
53. Indima ye-foam stabilizer ekulungiseleleni i-polyurethane foam
A: Inomphumela we-emulsification, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncibilika phakathi kwezingxenye ze-foam; Ngemuva kokwengezwa kwe-silicone surfactant, ngoba kunciphisa kakhulu ukungezwani komhlaba γ koketshezi, amandla akhuphukayo adingekayo ekuhlakazweni kwegesi ayancishiswa, ukuze umoya ohlakazeke endaweni eluhlaza kungenzeka ukuthi ube yi-nucleate ngesikhathi senqubo yokuxuba. kunomthelela ekukhiqizeni ama-bubbles amancane futhi kuthuthukise ukuzinza kwegwebu.
54. Indlela yokuzinza yegwebu
A: Ukwengezwa kwama-surfactants afanelekile kusiza ekwakhekeni kokuhlakazwa kwebhamuza okuhle.
55. Indlela yokwenza i-foam yeseli evulekile kanye ne-foam yeseli evaliwe
A: Indlela yokwakheka kwegwebu elivulekile leseli: Ezimweni eziningi, lapho kukhona ukucindezela okukhulu kubhamuza, amandla odonga lwebhamuza olwakhiwe ukusabela kwejeli aluphezulu, futhi ifilimu yodonga ayikwazi ukumelana nokwelula okubangelwa. ngomfutho wegesi okhuphukayo, ifilimu yodonga lwe-bubble idonswa, futhi igesi iphuma ekuqhekekeni, yakha i-foam-cell evulekile.
Indlela yokwakheka kwamangqamuzana avaliwe: Ohlelweni lwebhamuza eliqinile, ngenxa yokusabela kwe-polyether polyols enesisindo se-molecular esebenzayo futhi ephansi ene-polyisocyanate, ijubane lejeli liyashesha kakhulu, futhi igesi ebhamuzeni ayikwazi ukuphula udonga lwebhamuza. , ngaleyo ndlela yakhe igwebu lamaseli avaliwe.
56. Indlela yokwenza amagwebu ye-ejenti ekhihliza amagwebu kanye nekhemikhali ekhiqiza amagwebu
A: I-ejenti evuthelayo ngokomzimba: I-ejenti ephephetha ngokomzimba izimbotshana zegwebu zakha ngokushintsha isimo esibonakalayo sento ethile, okungukuthi, ngokunwetshwa kwegesi ecindezelwe, ukuvuvukala koketshezi noma ukuncibilika kokuqinile.
Izinto ezifutha ngamakhemikhali: Izinto ezifutha ngamakhemikhali ziyinhlanganisela okuthi, lapho ziboliswa ukushisa, zikhiphe amagesi afana ne-carbon dioxide ne-nitrogen bese zenza izimbotshana ezinhle ekwakhekeni kwe-polymer.
57. Indlela yokulungiselela ye-polyurethane foam ethambile
A: Indlela yesinyathelo esisodwa kanye nendlela ye-prepolymer
Indlela ye-Prepolymer: okungukuthi, i-polyether polyol kanye nokusabela kwe-TDI okweqile kwenziwa i-prepolymer equkethe iqembu lamahhala le-NCO, bese ihlanganiswa namanzi, i-catalyst, i-stabilizer, njll, ukwenza igwebu. Indlela yesinyathelo esisodwa: Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto zokusetshenziswa zixubene ngokuqondile ekhanda elixutshwa ngokubala, futhi isinyathelo senziwe ngegwebu, elingahlukaniswa libe ngokuqhubekayo nokuphakathi.
58. Izimpawu zokugwedla okuvundlile kanye namagwebu aqondile
Indlela yepuleti yengcindezi elinganiselayo: ibonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwephepha eliphezulu nepuleti lekhava eliphezulu. Indlela yegroove echichimayo: ibonakala ngokusetshenziswa komsele ochichimayo kanye nepuleti lokubeka ibhande le-conveyor.
Izici zogwebu ezime mpo: ungasebenzisa ukugeleza okuncane ukuze uthole indawo enkulu ephambanayo yamabhulokhi egwebu, futhi ngokuvamile usebenzise umshini ovundlile okhipha amagwebu ukuze uthole isigaba esifanayo sebhulokhi, izinga lokugeleza likhulu izikhathi ezi-3 kuya kwezi-5 kunezime mpo. ukukhihliza amagwebu; Ngenxa yesigaba esikhulu sesiphambano se-foam block, asikho isikhumba esingaphezulu nesingaphansi, futhi isikhumba esinqenqemeni sibuye sibe mncane, ngakho-ke ukulahlekelwa kokusika kuyancipha kakhulu. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zihlanganisa indawo encane, ukuphakama kwesitshalo kucishe kube ngu-12 ~ 13m, futhi izindleko zokutshala izimali zesikhungo kanye nezinto zokusebenza ziphansi kunalezo zenqubo yokugwaza amagwebu evundlile; Kulula ukufaka esikhundleni se-hopper kanye nemodeli ukukhiqiza imizimba yegwebu eyicylindrical noma engunxande, ikakhulukazi amabhilidi ayindilinga egwebu okusika okujikelezayo.
59. Amaphuzu ayisisekelo okukhethwa kwempahla eluhlaza ukulungiselela ukulungiswa kwamagwebu athambile
A: I-Polyol: i-polyether polyol ye-polyether block foam, isisindo samangqamuzana ngokuvamile si-3000 ~ 4000, ikakhulukazi i-polyether triol. I-polyether triol enesisindo samangqamuzana angu-4500 ~ 6000 isetshenziselwa igwebu eliqinile eliqinile. Ngokukhula kwesisindo samangqamuzana, amandla aqinile, ubude nokuqina kwegwebu kuyanda. Ukusebenza kabusha kwama-polyethers afanayo kwehlile. Ngokukhula kwezinga elisebenzayo le-polyether, ukusabela kuyashesha, izinga lokuphambana kwe-polyurethane liyakhula, ubulukhuni begwebu buyanda, nokwelulwa kuyancipha. I-Isocyanate: I-isocyanate eluhlaza ye-polyurethane soft block foam ikakhulukazi i-toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). Umsebenzi ophansi kakhulu we-TDI-65 usetshenziselwa kuphela i-polyester polyurethane foam noma i-polyether foam ekhethekile. I-Catalyst: Izinzuzo ze-catalytic ze-bulk soft foam foaming zingahlukaniswa cishe zibe izigaba ezimbili: eyodwa i-organometallic compounds, i-stannous caprylate iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu; Olunye uhlobo ama-amine aphezulu, avame ukusetshenziswa njenge-dimethylaminoethyl ethers. I-Foam stabilizer: Ku-polyester polyurethane bulk foam, ama-non-silicon surfactants asetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi ku-polyether bulk foam, i-organosilica-oxidized olefin copolymer isetshenziswa kakhulu. I-agent eyenza amagwebu: Ngokuvamile, amanzi kuphela asetshenziswa njenge-ejenti ekhipha amagwebu lapho ukuminyana kwamabhamuza athambile e-polyurethane kungaphezu kuka-21 kg nge-cubic meter ngayinye; Izinhlanganisela zamaphuzu aphansi abilayo njenge-methylene chloride (MC) zisetshenziswa njengama-axiliary blowing agents kuphela ekwakhiweni kokuminyana okuphansi.
60. Ithonya lezimo zemvelo ezindaweni ezibonakalayo ze-block foams
A: Umthelela wezinga lokushisa: ukusabela okugwebulile kwe-polyurethane kuyashesha njengoba izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibonakalayo likhuphuka, okuzodala ingozi yokushiswa kwengqikithi nomlilo ekwakhiweni okubucayi. Umthelela womswakamo womoya: Ngokukhula komswakamo, ngenxa yokusabela kweqembu le-isocyanate egwebu elinamanzi emoyeni, ubulukhuni begwebu buyancipha futhi ubude buyanda. Amandla aqinile wegwebu ayanda ngokwanda kweqembu le-urea. Umthelela wokucindezela komkhathi: Kufomula efanayo, lapho kukhihliza amagwebu endaweni ephakeme, ukuminyana kuyehla kakhulu.
61. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesistimu yezinto ezingavuthiwe ezisetshenziselwa igwebu elithambile elibandayo kanye negwebu elibunjiwe elishisayo.
A: Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswa ekubumbeni ukuphulukisa okubandayo zinokusebenza okuphezulu, futhi asikho isidingo sokushisisa kwangaphandle ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, kuncike ekushiseni okukhiqizwa uhlelo, ukusabela kokwelapha kungaqedwa ngesikhathi esifushane, futhi isikhunta singakwazi. ikhishwe kungakapheli imizuzu embalwa ngemuva kokujova izinto ezingavuthiwe. I-reactivity ye-reactivity ye-hot curing molding foam iphansi, futhi ingxube yokusabela idinga ukushiswa kanye nesikhunta ngemuva kokukhipha amagwebu esikhunjini, futhi umkhiqizo wegwebu ungakhululwa ngemva kokuvuthwa ngokugcwele esiteshini sokubhaka.
62. Yiziphi izici zegwebu elithambile elibunjiwe elibandayo uma liqhathaniswa negwebu elibunjiwe elishisayo
A: ① Inqubo yokukhiqiza ayidingi ukushisa kwangaphandle, ingonga ukushisa okuningi; ② I-sag coefficient ephezulu (isilinganiso sokugoqa), ukusebenza kahle kokunethezeka; ③ Izinga lokubhoboza okuphezulu; ④ Igwebu elingenayo i-flame retardant libuye libe nezakhiwo ezithile ezivimbela amalangabi; ⑤ Umjikelezo wokukhiqiza omfushane, ungasindisa isikhunta, wonge izindleko.
63. Izimpawu nokusetshenziswa kwebhamuza elithambile nebhamuza eliqinile ngokulandelana
A: Izici zamabhamuza athambile: Isakhiwo seseli yamabhamuza athambile e-polyurethane sivuleke kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, inokuminyana okuphansi, ukululama okuhle nokunwebeka, ukumuncwa komsindo, ukungena komoya, ukulondolozwa kokushisa nezinye izakhiwo. Ukusetshenziswa: Ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa ifenisha, impahla ye-cushion, impahla yesihlalo semoto, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezithambile ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisiwe, igwebu elithambile lezimboni kanye nelomphakathi libuye lisetshenziswe njengezinto zokuhlunga, izinto zokuvala umsindo, izinto ezivimbela ukushaqeka, izinto zokuhlobisa, izinto zokupakisha. kanye ne-thermal insulation materials.
Izici ze-foam eqinile: i-polyurethane foam inesisindo esincane, amandla athile aphezulu kanye nokuzinza okuhle kwe-dimensional; Ukusebenza kwe-thermal insulation ye-polyurethane regid foam kuphakeme. Amandla okunamathela aqinile; Ukusebenza okuhle kokuguga, impilo ende yesevisi ye-adiabatic; Ingxube yokusabela inoketshezi oluhle futhi ingagcwalisa imbobo noma isikhala somumo oyinkimbinkimbi ngokushelela. Impahla eluhlaza yokukhiqizwa kwegwebu eliqinile le-polyurethane inokuphinda isebenze kabusha, ingafinyelela ukuphulukiswa ngokushesha, futhi ingafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu nokukhiqizwa okukhulu efektri.
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo: Isetshenziswa njengezinto zokuvikela iziqandisi, iziqandisi, iziqukathi eziqandisiwe, indawo yokugcina abandayo, ipayipi likawoyela kanye nokufakwa kwepayipi lamanzi ashisayo, udonga lwebhilidi nokufakwa ophahleni, ibhodi lesemishi lokunamathisela, njll.
64. Amaphuzu abalulekile okwakhiwa kwefomula yebhamuza eliqinile
A: Ama-Polyols: Ama-polyether polyols asetshenziselwa ukwakheka kwegwebu eliqinile ngokuvamile angamandla aphezulu, inani eliphakeme le-hydroxyl (isisindo esiphansi samangqamuzana) ama-polypropylene oxide polyols; I-Isocyanate: Njengamanje, i-isocyanate esetshenziselwa amabhamuza aqinile i-polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi i-PAPI), okungukuthi, i-MDI engahluziwe kanye ne-MDI eyenziwe nge-polymerized; Izinto ezifuthayo :(1)I-CFC efutha i-ejenti (2)i-HCFC ne-HFC efuthayo (3) i-ejenti efutha i-pentane (4) amanzi; I-Foam stabilizer: I-foam stabilizer esetshenziselwa ukwakheka kwegwebu eliqinile le-polyurethane ngokuvamile i-polymer block ye-polydimethylsiloxane ne-polyoxolefin. Njengamanje, izinzile eziningi zegwebu ziwuhlobo lwe-Si-C; I-Catalyst: I-catalyst yokwakheka kwebhamuza eliqinile i-amine ephakeme kakhulu, futhi i-organotin catalyst ingasetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezikhethekile; Ezinye izithasiselo: Ngokwezidingo kanye nezidingo zokusetshenziswa okuhlukene kwemikhiqizo yegwebu eqinile ye-polyurethane, izinqamuleli zomlilo, ama-ejenti okuvula, ama-inhibitors omusi, ama-anti-aging agents, ama-anti-mildew agents, ama-toughening agents kanye nezinye izithasiselo zingangezwa kufomula.
65. Isimiso sokulungiselela igwebu lonke lokubumba isikhumba
A: integral skin foam (ISF), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-self skinning foam (self skinning foam), igwebu lepulasitiki elikhiqiza isikhumba salo esiminyene ngesikhathi sokwenziwa.
66. Izici nokusetshenziswa kwe-polyurethane microporous elastomers
A: Izici: I-polyurethane elastomer iyi-polymer yebhlokhi, ngokuvamile eyakhiwa ingxenye ethambile ye-oligomer polyol eguquguqukayo, i-disocyanate kanye ne-chain extender ukuze yakhe ingxenye eqinile, ingxenye eqinile kanye nengxenye ethambile enye ilungiselelo, yakhe iyunithi yesakhiwo ephindaphindayo. Ngaphezu kokuqukatha amaqembu e-ammonia ester, i-polyurethane ingakha izibopho ze-hydrogen ngaphakathi naphakathi kwama-molecule, futhi izingxenye ezithambile neziqinile zingakha izifunda ze-microphase futhi zikhiqize ukuhlukana kwe-microphase.
67. Yiziphi izici zokusebenza eziyinhloko zama-polyurethane elastomers
A: Izici zokusebenza: 1, amandla aphezulu kanye nokunwebeka, kungaba kububanzi obubanzi bokuqina (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75) ukuze kugcinwe ukunwebeka okuphezulu; Ngokuvamile, ubunzima obuphansi obudingekayo bungafinyelelwa ngaphandle kwe-plasticizer, ngakho-ke ayikho inkinga ebangelwa ukufuduka kwe-plasticizer; 2, ngaphansi kobunzima obufanayo, umthamo wokuthwala ophakeme kunamanye ama-elastomer; I-3, ukumelana nokugqoka okuhle kakhulu, ukumelana kwayo nokugqoka izikhathi ezi-2 kuya kweziyi-10 kunerabha yemvelo; 4. Ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kwamafutha namakhemikhali; Ukumelana nemisebe ye-polyurethane enephunga elimnandi; Ukumelana ne-oxygen okuhle kakhulu nokumelana ne-ozone; I-5, ukumelana nomthelela omkhulu, ukumelana nokukhathala okuhle kanye nokumelana nokushaqeka, kulungele izicelo zokuguquguquka kwe-high-frequency; 6, izinga lokushisa eliphansi livumelana nezimo kuhle; I-7, i-polyurethane evamile ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngaphezu kwe-100 ℃, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwefomula ekhethekile kungamelana nokushisa okuphezulu kwe-140 ℃; I-8, izindleko zokubumba nokucubungula ziphansi kakhulu.
68. Ama-elastomer e-polyurethane ahlukaniswa ngokwama-polyols, ama-isocyanates, izinqubo zokukhiqiza, njll.
A: 1. Ngokusho kwempahla eluhlaza ye-oligomer polyol, i-polyurethane elastomers ingahlukaniswa ngohlobo lwe-polyester, uhlobo lwe-polyether, uhlobo lwe-polyolefin, uhlobo lwe-polycarbonate, njll. 2. Ngokusho komehluko we-disocyanate, ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-aliphatic ne-elastomers enamakha, futhi ihlukaniswe ngohlobo lwe-TDI, uhlobo lwe-MDI, uhlobo lwe-IPDI, uhlobo lwe-NDI nezinye izinhlobo; Kusukela enqubweni yokukhiqiza, ama-polyurethane elastomers ngokwesiko ahlukaniswa abe yizigaba ezintathu: uhlobo lokuphonsa (CPU), i-thermoplasticity (TPU) kanye nohlobo lokuxuba (MPU).
69. Yiziphi izici ezithinta izakhiwo ze-polyurethane elastomers ngokombono wesakhiwo samangqamuzana?
A: Ngokombono wesakhiwo samangqamuzana, i-polyurethane elastomer iyi-polymer block, ngokuvamile eyakhiwa i-oligomer polyols eguquguqukayo ingxenye yeketanga elide elithambile, i-disocyanate kanye ne-chain extender ukwenza ingxenye eqinile, ingxenye eqinile kanye nengxenye ethambile ilungiselelo elihlukile, okwenza okuphindaphindayo. iyunithi yesakhiwo. Ngaphezu kokuqukatha amaqembu e-ammonia ester, i-polyurethane ingakha izibopho ze-hydrogen ngaphakathi naphakathi kwama-molecule, futhi izingxenye ezithambile neziqinile zingakha izifunda ze-microphase futhi zikhiqize ukuhlukana kwe-microphase. Lezi zici zesakhiwo zenza ama-polyurethane elastomers abe nokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokuqina, okwaziwa ngokuthi "injoloba engagugi".
70. Umehluko wokusebenza phakathi kohlobo lwe-polyester evamile nama-elastomer ohlobo lwe-polytetrahydrofuran ether
A: Ama-molecule e-polyester aqukethe amaqembu amaningi e-polar ester (-COO-), angakha amabhondi e-hydrogen e-intramolecular aqinile, ngakho i-polyester polyurethane inamandla amakhulu, ukumelana nokugqoka kanye nokumelana nowoyela.
I-elastomer elungiselelwe kusuka ku-polyether polyols inokuqina okuhle kwe-hydrolysis, ukumelana nesimo sezulu, ukuguquguquka okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokumelana nesikhunta. Umthombo we-athikili/Ucwaningo lokufunda nge-Polymer
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-17-2024