1, Inani le-Hydroxyl: I-1 gram polymer polyol equkethe inani le-hydroxyl (-OH) elilingana nenani lama-milligram e-KOH, iyunithi mgKOH/g.
2, Okulingana: isisindo sama-molecule esimaphakathi seqembu elisebenzayo.
3, Okuqukethwe kwe-Isocyanate: okuqukethwe kwe-isocyanate ku-molecule
4, Inkomba ye-Isocyanate: ikhombisa izinga lokweqisa kwe-isocyanate kufomula ye-polyurethane, ngokuvamile emelelwa uhlamvu u-R.
5. I-Chain extender: Ibhekisela kuma-alcohols nama-amine anesisindo esiphansi sama-molecule anganweba, anwebe noma akhe izixhumanisi zenethiwekhi yendawo zama-molecule chain.
6. Isigaba esiqinile: Isigaba seketanga esakhiwe ukusabela kwe-isocyanate, i-chain extender kanye ne-crosslinker kuketanga eliyinhloko lama-molecule e-polyurethane, futhi la maqembu anamandla amakhulu okubumbana, ivolumu enkulu yesikhala kanye nokuqina okukhulu.
7, Ingxenye ethambile: uchungechunge oluyinhloko lwe-carbon carbon i-polymer i-polyol, ukuguquguquka kuhle, kuchungechunge oluyinhloko lwe-polyurethane lwengxenye yochungechunge oluguquguqukayo.
8, Indlela yesinyathelo esisodwa: ibhekisela ku-oligomer polyol, i-diisocyanate, i-chain extender kanye ne-catalyst exutshwe ngesikhathi esifanayo ngemva kokufakwa ngqo ku-mold, ngendlela ethile yokushisa yokwelapha.
9, Indlela ye-Prepolymer: Ukusabela kokuqala kwe-oligomer polyol kanye ne-diisocyanate prepolymerization, ukukhiqiza i-prepolymer ye-polyurethane esekelwe ku-NCO, ukuthulula bese kuba ukusabela kwe-prepolymer nge-chain extender, ukulungiswa kwendlela ye-polyurethane elastomer, ebizwa ngokuthi indlela ye-prepolymer.
10, Indlela ye-semi-prepolymer: umehluko phakathi kwendlela ye-semi-prepolymer nendlela ye-prepolymer ukuthi ingxenye ye-polyester polyol noma i-polyether polyol ingezwa ku-prepolymer ngesimo sengxube ene-chain extender, i-catalyst, njll.
11, Ukubumba i-Reaction injection: Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Reaction Injection Moulding RIM (Reaction Injection Moulding), ilinganiswa ngama-oligomers anesisindo esiphansi sama-molecule ngesimo soketshezi, axutshwe ngokushesha futhi afakwe ku-mold ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi ukusabela okusheshayo emgodini we-mold, isisindo sama-molecule sezinto zanda ngokushesha. Inqubo yokukhiqiza ama-polymers amasha ngokuphelele anezakhiwo ezintsha zeqembu ezihlukile ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu.
12, Inkomba ye-Foam: okungukuthi, inani lezingxenye zamanzi ezisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni eziyi-100 ze-polyether lichazwa njengenkomba ye-foam (IF).
13, Ukusabela kwegwebu: ngokuvamile kubhekisela ekusabeleni kwamanzi kanye ne-isocyanate ukuze kukhiqizwe i-urea ethathelwe indawo futhi kukhishwe i-CO2.
14, Ukusabela kwejeli: ngokuvamile kubhekisela ekwakhekeni kokusabela kwe-carbamate.
15, Isikhathi sejeli: ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, izinto eziwuketshezi zokwakha ijeli zazidinga isikhathi.
16, Isikhathi Esifana Nobisi: ekupheleni kwendawo I, kuvela isenzakalo esifana nobisi engxubeni ye-polyurethane yesigaba soketshezi. Lesi sikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi isikhathi sokhilimu ekwakhiweni kwe-polyurethane foam.
17, I-coefficient yokwandiswa kweketanga: ibhekisela esilinganisweni senani lamaqembu e-amino kanye ne-hydroxyl (iyunithi: mo1) ezingxenyeni ze-chain extender (kufaka phakathi i-mixed chain extender) enanini le-NCO ku-prepolymer, okungukuthi, isilinganiso senani le-mole (inani elilinganayo) leqembu le-hydrogen elisebenzayo ku-NCO.
18, I-polyether engagcwali kakhulu: ikakhulukazi yokuthuthukiswa kwe-PTMG, intengo ye-PPG, ukungagcwali kwehliswe kwaba ngu-0.05mol/kg, okusondele ekusebenzeni kwe-PTMG, kusetshenziswa i-DMC catalyst, uhlobo oluyinhloko lwemikhiqizo yochungechunge lwe-Bayer Acclaim.
19, i-ammonia ester grade solvent: ukukhiqizwa kwe-polyurethane solvent ukuze kucatshangelwe amandla okuncibilika, izinga lokuguquguquka, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-polyurethane esetshenziswa ku-solvent, kufanele kugxile ekucabangeleni i-NC0 esindayo ku-polyurethane. Izinyibilikisi ezifana notshwala kanye notshwala be-ether ezisabela namaqembu e-NCO azikwazi ukukhethwa. I-solvent ayikwazi ukuqukatha ukungcola okufana namanzi notshwala, futhi ayikwazi ukuqukatha izinto ze-alkali, ezizokwenza i-polyurethane yonakale.
I-ester solvent ayivunyelwe ukuqukatha amanzi, futhi akumele iqukathe ama-asidi nama-alcohol amahhala, azosabela namaqembu e-NCO. I-ester solvent esetshenziswa ku-polyurethane kufanele ibe "i-ammonia ester grade solvent" ngobumsulwa obuphezulu. Okusho ukuthi, i-solvent isabela ne-isocyanate eningi, bese inani le-isocyanate engaphendulwanga linqunywa nge-dibutylamine ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi ifanelekile yini ukusetshenziswa. Umgomo uwukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-isocyanate akusebenzi, ngoba kukhombisa ukuthi amanzi ku-ester, utshwala, i-acid three azodla inani eliphelele le-isocyanate, uma inani lamagremu e-solvent adingekayo ukuze kudliwe iqembu le-leqNCO livezwa, inani lizinzile kahle.
I-Isocyanate elingana ne-2500 ayisetshenziswa njengesinyibilikisi se-polyurethane.
I-polarity ye-solvent inethonya elikhulu ekuphenduleni kokwakheka kwe-resin. Uma i-polarity inkulu, kulapho ukusabela kuhamba kancane, njengomehluko we-toluene kanye ne-methyl ethyl ketone izikhathi ezingu-24, le polarity ye-solvent molecule inkulu, ingakha isibopho se-hydrogen neqembu le-alcohol hydroxyl futhi yenze ukusabela kuhambe kancane.
I-polychlorinated ester solvent ingcono ukukhetha i-aromatic solvent, isivinini sayo sokuphendula sishesha kune-ester, i-ketone, njenge-xylene. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ester kanye ne-ketone solvents kungandisa impilo yenkonzo ye-polyurethane enamagatsha amabili ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa. Ekukhiqizweni kwezingubo, ukukhethwa kwe-"ammonia-grade solvent" okukhulunywe ngayo ngaphambili kuzuzisa kuma-stabilizer agciniwe.
Izithako ze-Ester zinomswakama oqinile, izinga lokuguquguquka eliphakathi nendawo, ubuthi obuphansi futhi zisetshenziswa kakhulu, i-cyclohexanone nayo isetshenziswa kakhulu, izithako ze-hydrocarbon zinamandla aphansi okuncibilika okuqinile, ukusetshenziswa okuncane kuphela, kanye nokusetshenziswa kakhulu nezinye izithako.
20, I-ejenti yokuvuthela ngokomzimba: i-ejenti yokuvuthela ngokomzimba yizimbobo ze-foam ezakhiwa ngokushintsha kwesimo somzimba sento, okungukuthi, ngokwandiswa kwegesi ecindezelwe, ukuguquguquka koketshezi noma ukuncibilika kwento eqinile.
21, Ama-chemical blowing agents: ama-chemical blowing agents yilawo angakhipha amagesi afana ne-carbon dioxide ne-nitrogen ngemva kokubola kokushisa, futhi akhe ama-pores amancane ekwakhiweni kwe-polymer kwenhlanganisela.
22, Ukuxhumanisa okungokoqobo: kunezinye izintambo eziqinile kuchungechunge oluthambile lwe-polymer, futhi uchungechunge oluqinile lunezakhiwo ezifanayo zomzimba njengerabha evulcanized ngemva kokuxhumanisa okuxubile kwamakhemikhali ekushiseni okungaphansi kwendawo yokuthambisa noma indawo yokuncibilika.
23, Ukuxhumanisa ngamakhemikhali: kubhekisela enqubweni yokuxhumanisa amaketanga amakhulu ama-molecule ngezibopho zamakhemikhali ngaphansi kwesenzo sokukhanya, ukushisa, imisebe enamandla aphezulu, amandla omshini, i-ultrasound kanye nama-agent okuxhumanisa ukuze kwakhiwe i-network noma i-polymer yesakhiwo somumo.
24, Inkomba ye-Foam: inani lezingxenye zamanzi elilingana nezingxenye eziyi-100 ze-polyether lichazwa njengenkomba ye-foam (IF).
25. Yiziphi izinhlobo zama-isocyanate ezivame ukusetshenziswa maqondana nesakhiwo?
A: Aliphatic: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI,HTDI,HMDI, Aromatic: TDI,MDI,PAPI,PPDI,NDI.
26. Yiziphi izinhlobo zama-isocyanate ezivame ukusetshenziswa? Bhala ifomula yesakhiwo
A: I-Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), i-diphenylmethane-4,4 '-diisocyanate (MDI), i-polyphenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), i-MDI encibilikisiwe, i-hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HDI).
27. Incazelo ye-TDI-100 kanye ne-TDI-80?
A: I-TDI-100 yakhiwe yi-toluene diisocyanate enesakhiwo esingu-2,4; i-TDI-80 ibhekisela engxubeni equkethe i-toluene diisocyanate engu-80% enesakhiwo esingu-2,4 kanye nesakhiwo esingu-20% esingu-2,6.
28. Yiziphi izici ze-TDI kanye ne-MDI ekuhlanganisweni kwezinto ze-polyurethane?
A: Ukusabela kabusha kwe-2,4-TDI kanye ne-2,6-TDI. Ukusabela kabusha kwe-2,4-TDI kuphakeme kaningana kunokwe-2,6-TDI, ngoba i-NCO enezindawo ezine ku-2,4-TDI ikude kakhulu neqembu le-NCO elinezindawo ezimbili kanye neqembu le-methyl, futhi cishe akukho ukumelana kwe-steric, kuyilapho i-NCO ye-2,6-TDI ithintwa umphumela we-steric weqembu le-ortho-methyl.
Amaqembu amabili e-NCO e-MDI ahlukene kakhulu futhi azikho izinto ezithatha indawo yawo, ngakho-ke umsebenzi we-NCO ezimbili mkhulu kakhulu. Ngisho noma i-NCO eyodwa ihlanganyela ekusabeleni, umsebenzi we-NCO esele uyancipha, futhi umsebenzi usemkhulu kakhulu ngokujwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kwe-MDI polyurethane prepolymer kukhulu kunokwe-TDI prepolymer.
29. I-HDI, i-IPDI, i-MDI, i-TDI, i-NDI yikuphi ukumelana kokuphuzi okungcono?
A: I-HDI (ingeye-diisocyanate ephuzi engaguquki), i-IPDI (eyenziwe nge-polyurethane resin enokuqina okuhle kokukhanya kanye nokumelana namakhemikhali, ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-polyurethane resin yezinga eliphezulu engashintshi umbala).
30. Inhloso yokuguqulwa kwe-MDI kanye nezindlela zokuguqulwa ezivamile
A: I-MDI Encibilikisiwe: Inhloso eguquliwe: i-MDI emsulwa encibilikisiwe iyi-MDI eshintshiwe encibilikisiwe, enqoba amaphutha athile e-MDI emsulwa (eqinile ekushiseni kwegumbi, encibilika uma isetshenziswa, ukushisa okuningi kuthinta ukusebenza), futhi inikeza isisekelo sohlu olubanzi lwezinguquko zokuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinto ze-polyurethane ezisekelwe ku-MDI.
Izindlela:
① i-MDI encibilikisiwe eguquliwe ye-urethane.
② i-carbodiimide kanye ne-uretonimine modified liquefied MDI.
31. Yiziphi izinhlobo zama-polyol e-polymer ezivame ukusetshenziswa?
A: I-polyester polyol, i-polyether polyol
32. Zingaki izindlela zokukhiqiza zezimboni ezikhona zama-polyester polyols?
A: Indlela yokuncibilikisa i-vacuum B, indlela yokuncibilikisa igesi yokuthwala C, indlela yokuncibilikisa igesi ye-azeotropic
33. Yiziphi izakhiwo ezikhethekile emgogodleni wama-polyester nama-polyether polyols?
A: I-polyester polyol: I-macromolecular alcohol compound equkethe iqembu le-ester kumgogodla wama-molecule kanye neqembu le-hydroxyl (-OH) eqenjini lokugcina. Ama-polyol e-Polyether: Ama-polymer noma ama-oligomer aqukethe ama-ether bond (-O-) kanye nama-end band (-Oh) noma amaqembu e-amine (-NH2) esakhiweni somgogodla wama-molecule.
34. Yiziphi izinhlobo zama-polyoles e-polyether ngokwezici zawo?
A: Ama-polyol e-polyether asebenza kakhulu, ama-polyol e-polyether ahlanganisiwe, ama-polyol e-polyether agcina ilangabi, ama-polyol e-polyether aguquliwe angama-heterocyclic, ama-polyol e-polytetrahydrofuran.
35. Zingaki izinhlobo zama-polyether ajwayelekile akhona ngokusho kwe-ejenti yokuqala?
A: I-Polyoxide propylene glycol, i-polyoxide propylene triol, i-polyol ye-polyether eqinile enama-bubble, i-polyol ye-polyether engagcwali kakhulu.
36. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwama-polyether aqediwe yi-hydroxy kanye nama-polyether aqediwe yi-amine?
Ama-polyether aqukethe ama-amino ayi-polyoxide allyl ethers lapho ukuphela kwe-hydroxyl kuthathelwa indawo yiqembu lama-amine.
37. Yiziphi izinhlobo zama-catalyst e-polyurethane ezivame ukusetshenziswa? Yiziphi izinhlobo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezifakiwe?
A: Ama-catalyst e-amine aphezulu, izinhlobo ezivame ukusetshenziswa yilezi: i-triethylenediamine, i-dimethylethanolamine, i-n-methylmorpholine, i-N, i-n-dimethylcyclohexamine
Ama-alkyl compounds ensimbi, izinhlobo ezivame ukusetshenziswa yilezi: ama-catalysts e-organotin, angahlukaniswa abe yi-stannous octoate, i-stannous oleate, i-dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. Yiziphi izandiso ze-polyurethane chain noma ama-crosslinkers asetshenziswa kakhulu?
A: Ama-Polyols (1, 4-butanediol), ama-alcohols e-alicyclic, ama-alcohols anuka kamnandi, ama-diamine, ama-alcohol amine (i-ethanolamine, i-diethanolamine)
39. Indlela yokusabela kwama-isocyanates
A: Ukusabela kwama-isocyanates ngama-compound e-hydrogen asebenzayo kubangelwa yisikhungo se-nucleophilic se-molecule ye-compound ye-hydrogen esebenzayo ehlasela i-athomu yekhabhoni esekelwe ku-NCO. Indlela yokusabela imi kanje:
40. Ukwakheka kwe-isocyanate kuthinta kanjani ukusabela kwamaqembu e-NCO?
A: Ubuningi be-electronegativity yeqembu le-AR: uma iqembu le-R liyiqembu elimunca ama-electron, ubukhulu befu lama-electron le-athomu ye-C eqenjini le--NCO buphansi, futhi lisengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa ama-nucleophile, okungukuthi, kulula ukwenza ukusabela kwe-nucleophilic ngama-alcohols, ama-amine kanye nezinye izinto ezihlanganisiwe. Uma i-R iyiqembu labanikeli bama-electron futhi idluliselwa ngefu lama-electron, ubukhulu befu lama-electron le-athomu ye-C eqenjini le--NCO buzokhula, okwenza kungabi sengozini kangako yokuhlaselwa ama-nucleophile, futhi ikhono layo lokusabela ngama-hydrogen compounds asebenzayo lizoncipha. B. Umphumela wokungenisa: Ngenxa yokuthi i-aromatic diisocyanate iqukethe amaqembu amabili e-NCO, lapho i-gene yokuqala ye--NCO ihlanganyela ekusabeleni, ngenxa yomphumela ohlanganisiwe wendandatho ye-aromatic, iqembu le--NCO elingahlanganyeli ekusabeleni lizodlala indima yeqembu elimunca ama-electron, ukuze umsebenzi wokusabela weqembu lokuqala le-NCO uthuthukiswe, okuwumphumela wokungenisa. C. umphumela we-steric: Kuma-molecule e-aromatic diisocyanate, uma amaqembu amabili e-NCO esendandatho ye-aromatic ngesikhathi esisodwa, khona-ke ithonya leqembu elilodwa le-NCO ekusebenzeni kabusha kwelinye iqembu le-NCO livame ukuba likhulu kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lapho amaqembu amabili e-NCO etholakala emasongweni ahlukene e-aromatic ku-molecule efanayo, noma ehlukaniswe ngamaketanga e-hydrocarbon noma izindandatho ze-aromatic, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwawo kuncane, futhi kuncipha ngokwanda kobude be-chain hydrocarbon noma ukwanda kwenani lezindandatho ze-aromatic.
41. Izinhlobo zamakhemikhali e-hydrogen asebenzayo kanye nokusebenza kwe-NCO
A: I-Aliphatic NH2> Iqembu elimnandi i-Bozui OH> Amanzi > I-Secondary OH> I-Phenol OH> Iqembu le-Carboxyl > I-urea ethathelwe indawo > I-Amido> I-Carbamate. (Uma ubukhulu befu lama-electron esikhungo se-nucleophilic buphakeme, i-electronegativity inamandla, futhi umsebenzi wokusabela nge-isocyanate uphakeme futhi isivinini sokusabela sishesha; Ngaphandle kwalokho, umsebenzi uphansi.)
42. Ithonya lamakhemikhali e-hydroxyl ekusebenzeni kwawo nge-isocyanate
A: Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali e-hydrogen asebenzayo (ROH noma i-RNH2) kuhlobene nezakhiwo ze-R, lapho i-R iyiqembu elikhipha ama-electron (ukusebenza okuphansi kwe-electronegativity), kunzima ukudlulisa ama-athomu e-hydrogen, futhi ukusabela phakathi kwamakhemikhali e-hydrogen asebenzayo ne-NCO kunzima kakhulu; Uma i-R iyisithasiselo esinikela ngama-electron, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali e-hydrogen asebenzayo ne-NCO kungathuthukiswa.
43. Iyini ukusetshenziswa kwe-isocyanate reaction namanzi?
A: Kungenye yezindlela eziyisisekelo zokusabela ekulungiseleleni i-polyurethane foam. Ukusabela phakathi kwazo kuqala kukhiqiza i-carbamic acid engazinzile, bese ihlukana ibe yi-CO2 nama-amine, futhi uma i-isocyanate ingaphezu kwalokho, i-amine ephumayo isabela ne-isocyanate ukuze yakhe i-urea.
44. Ekulungiseleleni ama-polyurethane elastomers, okuqukethwe kwamanzi kwama-polymer polyols kufanele kulawulwe ngokuqinile
A: Azikho izibhamuza ezidingekayo kuma-elastomer, ezimbozweni kanye nakuma-fiber, ngakho-ke okuqukethwe kwamanzi ezintweni zokusetshenziswa kumele kulawulwe ngokuqinile, ngokuvamile kungaphansi kuka-0.05%.
45. Umehluko emiphumeleni yokuvuselela yama-catalyst e-amine ne-tin ekusabeleni kwe-isocyanate
A: Ama-catalyst e-amine aphezulu anekhono eliphezulu lokucubungula i-isocyanate emanzini, kuyilapho ama-catalyst e-tin enekhono eliphezulu lokucubungula i-isocyanate neqembu le-hydroxyl.
46. Kungani i-polyurethane resin ingabhekwa njenge-block polymer, futhi yiziphi izici zesakhiwo seketanga?
Impendulo: Ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye yochungechunge lwe-polyurethane resin yakhiwe izingxenye eziqinile nezithambile, ingxenye eqinile ibhekisela engxenyeni yochungechunge eyakhiwa ukusabela kwe-isocyanate, i-chain extender kanye ne-crosslinker kuchungechunge oluyinhloko lwama-molecule e-polyurethane, futhi la maqembu anamandla amakhulu okubumbana, ivolumu enkulu yesikhala kanye nokuqina okukhulu. Ingxenye ethambile ibhekisela ku-polyol ye-polymer ye-carbon-carbon, enokuguquguquka okuhle futhi iyisigaba esiguquguqukayo kuchungechunge oluyinhloko lwe-polyurethane.
47. Yiziphi izici ezithinta izakhiwo zezinto ze-polyurethane?
A: Amandla okuhlangana kweqembu, isibopho se-hydrogen, ubukristali, izinga lokuxhumanisa, isisindo sama-molecule, ingxenye eqinile, ingxenye ethambile.
48. Yiziphi izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyizingxenye ezithambile neziqinile eketangeni eliyinhloko lezinto ze-polyurethane
A: Ingxenye ethambile yakhiwe ngama-polyol e-oligomer (i-polyester, ama-polyether diol, njll.), kanti ingxenye eqinile yakhiwe ngama-polyisocyanates noma inhlanganisela yawo nezinwebi ezincane ze-molecule chain.
49. Izingxenye ezithambile kanye nezingxenye eziqinile zithinta kanjani izakhiwo zezinto ze-polyurethane?
A: Ingxenye ethambile: (1) Isisindo sama-molecule sengxenye ethambile: uma sicabanga ukuthi isisindo sama-molecule se-polyurethane siyafana, uma ingxenye ethambile iyi-polyester, amandla e-polyurethane azokhula ngokukhula kwesisindo sama-molecule se-polyester diol; Uma ingxenye ethambile iyi-polyether, amandla e-polyurethane ayancipha ngokukhula kwesisindo sama-molecule se-polyether diol, kodwa ukunwebeka kuyanda. (2) Ukuqina kwe-crystallinity yengxenye ethambile: Inegalelo elikhulu ekuqineni kwe-crystallinity yengxenye ye-linear polyurethane chain. Ngokuvamile, ukwakheka kwe-crystalliness kuyasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ukwakheka kwe-crystalliness kunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi lezinto, futhi i-polymer ye-crystalliness ivame ukungacaci.
Ingxenye eqinile: Ingxenye yeketanga eliqinile ivame ukuthinta izinga lokushisa elithambile nelincibilikayo kanye nezakhiwo zokushisa eziphezulu ze-polymer. Ama-polyurethane alungiselelwe yi-aromatic isocyanates aqukethe izindandatho eziqinile ze-aromatic, ngakho-ke amandla e-polymer engxenyeni eqinile ayanda, futhi amandla ezinto ngokuvamile makhulu kunalawo e-aliphatic isocyanate polyurethanes, kodwa ukumelana nokuwohloka kwe-ultraviolet kubi, futhi kulula ukuba phuzi. Ama-polyurethane e-Aliphatic awaphuzi.
50. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-polyurethane foam
A: (1) igwebu eliqinile kanye negwebu elithambile, (2) igwebu elinobukhulu obuphezulu kanye negwebu elinobukhulu obuphansi, (3) uhlobo lwe-polyester, igwebu lohlobo lwe-polyether, (4) uhlobo lwe-TDI, igwebu lohlobo lwe-MDI, (5) igwebu le-polyurethane kanye negwebu le-polyisocyanurate, (6) indlela yesinyathelo esisodwa kanye nendlela yokukhiqizwa kwe-prepolymerization, indlela eqhubekayo kanye nokukhiqizwa okungenazikhawu, (8) igwebu elibhulokhi kanye negwebu elibunjiwe.
51. Ukusabela okuyisisekelo ekulungiseleleni igwebu
A: Kubhekisela ekusabeleni kwe--NCO ne--OH, -NH2 kanye ne-H2O, futhi uma kusabela nama-polyol, "ukusabela kwejeli" enkambisweni yokwenza amagwebu ngokuvamile kubhekisela ekusabeleni kokwakheka kwe-carbamate. Ngenxa yokuthi izinto zokusetshenziswa kwejeli zisebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa eziningi, kutholakala inethiwekhi exhumene, evumela uhlelo lokwenza amagwebu ukuthi lufake amagwebu ngokushesha.
Ukusabela kwegwebu kwenzeka ohlelweni lwegwebu lapho kukhona amanzi. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukusabela kwegwebu" ngokuvamile kubhekisela ekusabeleni kwamanzi kanye ne-isocyanate ukuze kukhiqizwe i-urea ethathelwe indawo futhi kukhishwe i-CO2.
52. Indlela yokwenza amabhamuza abe yi-nucleation
Izinto zokusetshenziswa zisabela oketshezini noma zincike ekushiseni okukhiqizwa ukusabela ukuze kukhiqizwe into ephefumulayo futhi kuguqulwe igesi. Ngokuqhubeka kokusabela kanye nokukhiqizwa kokushisa okukhulu kokusabela, inani lezinto eziphefumulayo kanye nokuguquguquka kwanda njalo. Lapho ukugcwala kwegesi kukhuphuka ngaphezu kokugcwala, ibhamuza eliqhubekayo liqala ukwakheka esigabeni sesisombululo bese likhuphuka.
53. Indima yesiqinisi se-foam ekulungiseleleni i-polyurethane foam
A: Inomphumela we-emulsification, ukuze ukuncibilika okuhlangene phakathi kwezingxenye zezinto ze-foam kuthuthukiswe; Ngemva kokwengezwa kwe-silicone surfactant, ngoba kunciphisa kakhulu ukungezwani kobuso i-γ yoketshezi, amandla akhululekile adingekayo ekuhlakazekeni kwegesi ayancishiswa, ukuze umoya ohlakazekile ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ube namathuba amaningi okuphuma kwe-nucleate ngesikhathi senqubo yokuxuba, okufaka isandla ekukhiqizweni kwama-bubbles amancane futhi kuthuthukise ukuzinza kwe-foam.
54. Indlela yokuzinza kwegwebu
A: Ukwengezwa kwama-surfactant afanele kusiza ekwakhekeni kokuhlakazeka kwama-bubble amancane.
55. Indlela yokwakheka kwe-foam yeseli evulekile kanye ne-foam yeseli evaliwe
A: Indlela yokwakheka kwe-foam yamaseli avulekile: Ezimweni eziningi, lapho kunokucindezela okukhulu ebhamuzeni, amandla odonga lwamabhamuza akhiwe ukusabela kwejeli awaphezulu, futhi ifilimu yodonga ayikwazi ukumelana nokwelulwa okubangelwa ukucindezela kwegesi okukhuphukayo, ifilimu yodonga lwamabhamuza iyadonswa, bese igesi iphuma ekuqhekekeni, yakhe i-foam yamaseli avulekile.
Indlela yokwakheka kwefoam yamaseli avaliwe: Kuhlelo lwe-bubble oluqinile, ngenxa yokusabela kwama-polyether polyols anesisindo sama-molecule amaningi futhi aphansi nge-polyisocyanate, ijubane lejeli liyashesha kakhulu, futhi igesi ebhamuzeni ayikwazi ukuphula udonga lwebhamuza, ngaleyo ndlela yakhe i-closed-cell foam.
56. Indlela yokwenza igwebu yento yokwenza igwebu ebonakalayo kanye nento yokwenza igwebu yamakhemikhali
A: I-ejenti yokufutha ebonakalayo: I-ejenti yokufutha ebonakalayo yizimbobo ze-foam ezakhiwa ngokushintsha kwesimo somzimba sento ethile, okungukuthi, ngokwandiswa kwegesi ecindezelwe, ukuguquguquka koketshezi noma ukuncibilika kwento eqinile.
Izinto ezivuthela amakhemikhali: Izinto ezivuthela amakhemikhali ziyizinto ezithi, uma zibola ngokushisa, zikhiphe amagesi afana ne-carbon dioxide ne-nitrogen bese zakha ama-pores amancane ekwakhiweni kwe-polymer.
57. Indlela yokulungiselela i-foam ethambile ye-polyurethane
A: Indlela yesinyathelo esisodwa kanye nendlela ye-prepolymer
Indlela ye-Prepolymer: okungukuthi, i-polyol ye-polyether kanye nokusabela kwe-TDI okweqile kwenziwa kube yi-prepolymer equkethe iqembu le-NCO yamahhala, bese kuhlanganiswa namanzi, i-catalyst, i-stabilizer, njll., ukwenza i-foam. Indlela yesinyathelo esisodwa: Izinto ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa zixutshwa ngqo ekhanda lokuxuba ngokubala, bese kwenziwa isinyathelo se-foam, esingahlukaniswa sibe yi-continuous and intermittent.
58. Izici zokwenziwa kwe-foam okuvundlile kanye nokwenziwa kwe-foam okuqondile
Indlela yepuleti lokucindezela elilinganiselayo: ebonakala ngokusebenzisa iphepha eliphezulu kanye nepuleti lokumboza elingaphezulu. Indlela yepuleti lokugeleza: ebonakala ngokusebenzisa ipuleti lokugeleza elingaphezulu kanye nepuleti lokufika lebhande lokuhambisa.
Izici zokufaka igwebu eliqondile: ungasebenzisa ukugeleza okuncane ukuthola indawo enkulu enqamulayo yamabhulokhi egwebu, futhi ngokuvamile usebenzisa umshini wokufaka igwebu ovundlile ukuthola ingxenye efanayo yebhulokhi, izinga lokugeleza likhulu ngokuphindwe kathathu kuya kahlanu kune-foam evundlile; Ngenxa yengxenye enkulu yebhulokhi legwebu, akukho sikhumba esingaphezulu nesingaphansi, futhi isikhumba esisemaphethelweni naso sincane, ngakho-ke ukulahlekelwa kokusika kuncishisiwe kakhulu. Imishini imboza indawo encane, ukuphakama kwesitshalo cishe kungama-12 ~ 13m, futhi izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali zesitshalo nemishini ziphansi kunezenqubo yokufaka igwebu eliqondile; Kulula ukufaka esikhundleni i-hopper kanye nemodeli ukukhiqiza imizimba yegwebu eliyindilinga noma elingunxande, ikakhulukazi ama-billet egwebu ayindilinga okusika okujikelezayo.
59. Amaphuzu ayisisekelo okukhetha izinto zokusetshenziswa zokulungiselela igwebu elithambile
A: I-Polyol: i-polyether polyol ye-foam evamile ye-block, isisindo sama-molecule ngokuvamile singu-3000 ~ 4000, ikakhulukazi i-polyether triol. I-polyether triol enesisindo sama-molecule esingu-4500 ~ 6000 isetshenziselwa i-foam enamandla okuqina. Ngokwanda kwesisindo sama-molecule, amandla okudonsa, ukunwebeka kanye nokuqina kwe-foam kuyanda. Ukusebenza kabusha kwama-polyether afanayo kwehla. Ngokwanda kwezinga lokusebenza le-polyether, ukusabela kuyashesha, izinga lokuxhumanisa le-polyurethane liyakhuphuka, ubulukhuni be-foam buyanda, kanye nokunwebeka kuyancishiswa. I-Isocyanate: Izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-isocyanate ze-polyurethane soft block foam ikakhulukazi i-toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). Umsebenzi ophansi we-TDI-65 usetshenziselwa kuphela i-polyester polyurethane foam noma i-polyether foam ekhethekile. I-Catalyst: Izinzuzo ze-catalytic ze-bulk soft foam foam zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: eyodwa i-organometallic compounds, i-stannous caprylate iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu; Olunye uhlobo ama-tertiary amines, avame ukusetshenziswa njenge-dimethylaminoethyl ethers. I-Foam stabilizer: Ku-polyester polyurethane bulk foam, kusetshenziswa ama-surfactants angewona ama-silicon, kanti ku-polyether bulk foam, kusetshenziswa kakhulu i-organosilica-oxidized olefin copolymer. I-Foam agent: Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa amanzi kuphela njenge-foam agent lapho ubuningi bama-bubbles athambile e-polyurethane bungaphezu kwama-21 kg nge-cubic meter ngayinye; Ama-compounds aphansi okubila njenge-methylene chloride (MC) asetshenziswa njenge-assistant blowing agents kuphela kuma-formulations aphansi.
60. Ithonya lezimo zemvelo ezimpahleni zomzimba zama-block foam
A: Umphumela wokushisa: ukusabela kwe-polyurethane okunegwebu kuyashesha njengoba izinga lokushisa lezinto likhuphuka, okuzobangela ingozi yokusha komongo kanye nomlilo ezinhlotsheni ezibucayi. Ithonya lomswakama womoya: Ngokwanda komswakama, ngenxa yokusabela kweqembu le-isocyanate ku-foam enamanzi emoyeni, ubulukhuni be-foam buyancipha futhi ukunwebeka kuyanda. Amandla okudonsa e-foam ayanda ngokwanda kweqembu le-urea. Umphumela wokucindezela komoya: Ngefomula efanayo, lapho kukhishwa igwebu endaweni ephakeme, ubuningi buncishiswa kakhulu.
61. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kohlelo lwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswa kwi-foam ethambile ebunjiwe ebandayo kanye ne-foam ebunjiwe eshisayo
A: Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswa ekubumbeni okubandayo zinokusabela okuphezulu, futhi asikho isidingo sokushisa kwangaphandle ngesikhathi sokulungisa, kuncike ekushiseni okukhiqizwa uhlelo, ukusabela kokulungisa kungaqedwa ngesikhathi esifushane, futhi isikhunta singakhishwa kungakapheli imizuzu embalwa ngemuva kokujova izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ukusabela kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwe-hot curing molding foam kuphansi, futhi ingxube yokusabela idinga ukufudunyezwa kanye nesikhunta ngemva kokufaka igwebu esikhumbeni, futhi umkhiqizo we-foam ungakhishwa ngemva kokuba usuvuthwe ngokugcwele esiteshini sokubhaka.
62. Yiziphi izici zefoam ethambile ebunjiwe ebandayo uma iqhathaniswa nefoam ebunjiwe eshisayo
A: ① Inqubo yokukhiqiza ayidingi ukushisa kwangaphandle, ingonga ukushisa okuningi; ② I-coefficient ephezulu yokugoba (isilinganiso sokugoqeka), ukusebenza okuhle kwenduduzo; ③ Izinga eliphezulu lokubuyela emuva; ④ Igwebu elingenalo i-flame retardant nalo linezakhiwo ezithile ze-flame retardant; ⑤ Umjikelezo omfushane wokukhiqiza, ungonga isikhunta, wonge izindleko.
63. Izici kanye nokusetshenziswa kwebhamuza elithambile kanye nebhamuza eliqinile ngokulandelana
A: Izici zamabhamuza athambile: Isakhiwo samaseli amabhamuza athambile e-polyurethane sivulekile kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, sinobukhulu obuphansi, ukululama okuhle kokunwebeka, ukumuncwa komsindo, ukungena komoya, ukulondolozwa kokushisa nezinye izakhiwo. Ukusetshenziswa: Isetshenziswa kakhulu efenisha, izinto zomcamelo, izinto zomcamelo wesihlalo semoto, izinto ezahlukahlukene zokubopha ezithambile ezihlanganisiwe, i-foam ethambile yezimboni neyendabuko nayo isetshenziswa njengezinto zokuhlunga, izinto zokuvala umsindo, izinto zokuvala umsindo, izinto ezingashaqeki, izinto zokuhlobisa, izinto zokupakisha kanye nezinto zokuvala ukushisa.
Izici ze-foam eqinile: i-polyurethane foam inesisindo esincane, amandla aphezulu athile kanye nokuqina okuhle kobukhulu; Ukusebenza kokushisa kwe-polyurethane rigid foam kuphakeme kakhulu. Amandla okunamathela aqinile; Ukusebenza okuhle kokuguga, impilo yenkonzo ende ye-adiabatic; Ingxube yokusabela inomswakama omuhle futhi ingagcwalisa umgodi noma isikhala sesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi kahle. Izinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqizwa kwe-polyurethane hard foam zinokusebenza okuphezulu, zingafinyelela ukuphiliswa okusheshayo, futhi zingafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kanye nokukhiqizwa ngobuningi efektri.
Ukusetshenziswa: Kusetshenziswa njengezinto zokuvikela iziqandisi, iziqandisi, izitsha eziqandisiwe, indawo yokugcina izinto ebandayo, ipayipi likawoyela kanye nokuvikela amanzi ashisayo, ukuvikela udonga nophahla lwesakhiwo, ibhodi lesandwich lokuvikela, njll.
64. Amaphuzu ayisihluthulelo okuklama ifomula yebhamuza eliqinile
A: Ama-Polyols: ama-polyol e-polyether asetshenziselwa ukwakheka kwe-foam eqinile ngokuvamile angamandla aphezulu, inani eliphezulu le-hydroxyl (isisindo esiphansi sama-molecule) ama-polypropylene oxide polyols; I-Isocyanate: Njengamanje, i-isocyanate esetshenziselwa ama-bubble aqinile ikakhulukazi i-polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (eyaziwa ngokuthi i-PAPI), okungukuthi, i-MDI eluhlaza kanye ne-MDI eyenziwe nge-polymer; Ama-Blowing agents:(1) I-CFC blowing agent (2) I-HCFC kanye ne-HFC blowing agent (3) i-pentane blowing agent (4) amanzi; I-Foam stabilizer: I-foam stabilizer esetshenziselwa ukwakheka kwe-polyurethane rigid foam ngokuvamile iyi-block polymer ye-polydimethylsiloxane kanye ne-polyoxolefin. Njengamanje, ama-foam stabilizers amaningi angohlobo lwe-Si-C; I-Catalyst: I-catalyst yokwakheka kwe-hard bubble ikakhulukazi i-tertiary amine, futhi i-organotin catalyst ingasetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezikhethekile; Ezinye izithasiselo: Ngokwezidingo nezidingo zokusetshenziswa okuhlukene kwemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane eqinile ye-foam, izinto ezivimbela ilangabi, izinto zokuvula, izinto ezivimbela intuthu, izinto ezilwa nokuguga, izinto ezilwa nokuminya, izinto eziqinisayo nezinye izithasiselo zingafakwa kufomula.
65. Isimiso sokulungiselela igwebu lokubumba isikhumba sonke
A: i-foam yesikhumba ehlanganisiwe (i-ISF), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-self skinning foam (i-self skinning foam), iyi-foam yepulasitiki ekhiqiza isikhumba sayo esiqinile ngesikhathi sokwenziwa.
66. Izici kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-polyurethane microporous elastomers
A: Izici: i-polyurethane elastomer iyi-polymer yebhulokhi, ngokuvamile eyakhiwe yi-oligomer polyol eguquguqukayo i-long chain soft segment, i-diisocyanate kanye ne-chain extender ukwakha ingxenye eqinile, ingxenye eqinile kanye nelungiselelo elihlukile lengxenye ethambile, okwakha iyunithi yesakhiwo ephindaphindayo. Ngaphezu kokuqukatha amaqembu e-ammonia ester, i-polyurethane ingakha izibopho ze-hydrogen ngaphakathi naphakathi kwama-molecule, kanti izingxenye ezithambile neziqinile zingakha izifunda ze-microphase futhi zikhiqize ukuhlukaniswa kwe-microphase.
67. Yiziphi izici zokusebenza eziyinhloko ze-polyurethane elastomers
A: Izici zokusebenza: 1, amandla aphezulu kanye nokunwebeka, kungaba sebangeni elibanzi lobunzima (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75) ukuze kugcinwe ukunwebeka okuphezulu; Ngokuvamile, ubulukhuni obuphansi obudingekayo bungatholakala ngaphandle kwe-plasticizer, ngakho-ke akukho nkinga ebangelwa ukufuduka kwe-plasticizer; 2, ngaphansi kobulukhuni obufanayo, umthamo wokuthwala ophakeme kunamanye ama-elastomer; 3, ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kokuguguleka, ukumelana kwayo nokuguguleka kuphindwe kabili kuya kweyishumi kunokwenjoloba yemvelo; 4. Ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kwamafutha namakhemikhali; Ukumelana nemisebe ye-polyurethane enuka kamnandi; Ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kwe-oxygen kanye nokumelana ne-ozone; 5, ukumelana okuphezulu komthelela, ukumelana okuhle kokukhathala kanye nokumelana nokushaqeka, okufanele ukusetshenziswa kokuguquguquka kwemvamisa ephezulu; 6, ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kuhle; 7, i-polyurethane evamile ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngaphezu kwe-100 ℃, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwefomula ekhethekile kungamelana nokushisa okuphezulu okungu-140 ℃; 8, izindleko zokubumba nokucubungula ziphansi kakhulu.
68. Ama-elastomer e-polyurethane ahlukaniswa ngokwe-polyols, ama-isocyanates, izinqubo zokukhiqiza, njll.
A: 1. Ngokwezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-polyol ye-oligomer, ama-polyurethane elastomers angahlukaniswa ngohlobo lwe-polyester, uhlobo lwe-polyether, uhlobo lwe-polyolefin, uhlobo lwe-polycarbonate, njll. Uhlobo lwe-polyether lungahlukaniswa ngohlobo lwe-polytetrahydrofuran kanye nohlobo lwe-polypropylene oxide ngokwezinhlobo ezithile; 2. Ngokuya ngomehluko we-diisocyanate, ingahlukaniswa ngama-elastomers e-aliphatic kanye ne-aromatic, futhi ihlukaniswe ngohlobo lwe-TDI, uhlobo lwe-MDI, uhlobo lwe-IPDI, uhlobo lwe-NDI kanye nezinye izinhlobo; Kusukela enkambisweni yokukhiqiza, ama-polyurethane elastomers ahlukaniswe ngokwesiko ngezigaba ezintathu: uhlobo lokuphonsa (CPU), uhlobo lwe-thermoplasticity (TPU) kanye nohlobo lokuxuba (MPU).
69. Yiziphi izici ezithinta izakhiwo ze-polyurethane elastomers ngokombono wesakhiwo sama-molecule?
A: Ngokombono wesakhiwo sama-molecule, i-polyurethane elastomer iyi-polymer yebhulokhi, ngokuvamile eyakhiwe yi-oligomer polyols eguquguqukayo, i-long chain soft segment, i-diisocyanate kanye ne-chain extender ukwakha ingxenye eqinile, ingxenye eqinile kanye ne-soft segment alternate arrangement, yakha iyunithi yesakhiwo ephindaphindayo. Ngaphezu kokuqukatha amaqembu e-ammonia ester, i-polyurethane ingakha izibopho ze-hydrogen ngaphakathi naphakathi kwama-molecule, kanti izingxenye ezithambile neziqinile zingakha izifunda ze-microphase futhi zikhiqize ukuhlukaniswa kwe-microphase. Lezi zici zesakhiwo zenza ama-polyurethane elastomer abe nokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokuguguleka, okwaziwa ngokuthi "irabha engagugi".
70. Umehluko wokusebenza phakathi kohlobo lwe-polyester olujwayelekile kanye nama-elastomer ohlobo lwe-polytetrahydrofuran ether
A: Ama-molecule e-polyester aqukethe amaqembu e-polar ester amaningi (-COO-), angakha izibopho ze-hydrogen eziqinile ngaphakathi kwama-molecule, ngakho-ke i-polyester polyurethane inamandla aphezulu, ukumelana nokuguguleka kanye nokumelana namafutha.
I-elastomer eyenziwe ngama-polyol e-polyether inokuqina okuhle kwe-hydrolysis, ukumelana nesimo sezulu, ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nokumelana nesikhunta. Umthombo wesihloko/Ucwaningo lokufunda lwe-polymer
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-17-2024